Studies Library

The published research our coverage is built on, catalogued with study-type metadata so readers can weigh evidence quality — a phase 3 trial and an in-vitro report are not the same kind of fact.

Study Type Compounds Date

Oral delivery of GLP-1 receptor agonists: absorption-enhancer platforms

Journal of Controlled Release

Reports improved oral bioavailability for GLP-1-class peptides using next-generation absorption enhancers.

Preclinical (primate)

Tirzepatide versus semaglutide in adults with obesity (SURMOUNT-5)

New England Journal of Medicine

Direct comparison favoring tirzepatide on weight endpoints at matched treatment intent.

Head-to-head randomized trial

Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT)

New England Journal of Medicine

20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events, extending GLP-1 evidence beyond weight and glycemia.

Cardiovascular outcomes trial

Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity — a phase 2 trial

New England Journal of Medicine

Mean weight reduction of up to 24.2% at 48 weeks at the highest dose, the largest reported in an obesity trial at publication.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 2)

Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1)

New England Journal of Medicine

Up to 20.9% mean weight reduction at 72 weeks; established dual-incretin agonism at phase 3 scale.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 3)

Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1)

New England Journal of Medicine

14.9% mean weight reduction at 68 weeks versus 2.4% with placebo.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 3)

Thymosin beta-4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye (phase 3 program)

Clinical trial registry record

The furthest-advanced human application of TB4 biology; results mixed across endpoints.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 3)

Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (RECONNECT)

Obstetrics & Gynecology

Paired phase 3 trials supporting FDA approval of bremelanotide (Vyleesi).

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 3)

BPC 157 and the vascular system: modulation of angiogenesis

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Reviews VEGF-mediated angiogenic mechanisms proposed for BPC-157 across injury models.

Mechanistic review

The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in skin remodeling and regeneration

BioMed Research International

Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu dermatological evidence including controlled cosmetic comparisons.

Review

MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of metabolism

Cell Metabolism

Foundational paper establishing MOTS-c as a metabolically active mitochondrial-derived peptide.

Animal + human observational

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in tendon-to-bone healing

Journal of Orthopaedic Research

Improved tendon-to-bone healing outcomes in a rat transection model; representative of the compound’s preclinical base.

Animal model

Selank anxiolytic activity in generalized anxiety disorder

Russian clinical program (translated summary)

Basis of Russian approval; methodology details unavailable in translated literature.

Controlled clinical trial

Tesamorelin for visceral adiposity in HIV-associated lipodystrophy

New England Journal of Medicine

Pivotal trial demonstrating selective visceral-fat reduction; basis of FDA approval.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 3)

AOD9604 in obese adults: a randomized dose-ranging study

Clinical trial program (phase 2b)

Failed to meet weight-loss endpoints; development discontinued.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 2b)

Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-1 secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Demonstrated multi-day GH/IGF-1 elevation from the DAC-modified GHRH analog.

Randomized controlled trial (Phase 1)

Semax in acute ischemic stroke: multicenter clinical experience

Zhurnal Nevrologii (translated summary)

Russian clinical evidence base for Semax; not independently replicated in Western trials.

Clinical series

Thymosin beta-4 promotes cardiomyocyte survival after coronary ligation

Nature

Landmark cardiac-repair finding that anchored interest in thymosin beta-4 biology.

Animal model

Epithalon and telomerase activity in human somatic cells

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine

Reported telomerase activation in vitro; central to the compound’s longevity claims and largely unreplicated independently.

In vitro

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue

European Journal of Endocrinology

Characterized selective GH release without significant cortisol/prolactin elevation.

Preclinical characterization